Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences, Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engine |
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Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences, Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engine |
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Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles (5th Edition) Series: Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences Hardcover: 1248 pages Publisher: Prentice Hall; 5 edition (May 3, 2018) Language: English ISBN-10: 0134181026 ISBN-13: 978-0134181028 » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition xxvii About the Authors xxxi Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 3 1.0 Chapter Objectives 3 1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 3 1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 6 1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 8 1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 10 1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 13 1.6 Energy and Heat Units 17 1.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 23 1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration 28 1.9 Chapter Summary 29 Chapter 2: Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 36 2.0 Chapter Objectives 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Fluid Statics 37 2.3 Chapter Summary 47 Chapter 3: Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 50 3.0 Chapter Objectives 50 3.1 Viscosity of Fluids 50 3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 54 3.3 Chapter Summary 58 Chapter 4: Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 61 4.0 Chapter Objectives 61 4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 62 4.2 Overall Energy Balance 68 4.3 Overall Momentum Balance 81 4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 90 4.5 Chapter Summary 96 Chapter 5: Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 105 5.0 Chapter Objectives 105 5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 106 5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases 125 5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 129 5.4 Chapter Summary 138 Chapter 6: Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 145 6.0 Chapter Objectives 145 6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects 146 6.2 Flow in Packed Beds 150 6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds 156 6.4 Chapter Summary 161 Chapter 7: Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 166 7.0 Chapter Objectives 166 7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 166 7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 176 7.3 Chapter Summary 192 Chapter 8: Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 196 8.0 Chapter Objectives 196 8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity 196 8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 202 8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 207 8.4 Chapter Summary 216 Chapter 9: Non-Newtonian Fluids 220 9.0 Chapter Objectives 220 9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids 221 9.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 226 9.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids 229 9.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer 232 9.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids 234 9.6 Chapter Summary 235 Chapter 10: Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 239 10.0 Chapter Objectives 239 10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 239 10.2 Stream Function 240 10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 241 10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 241 10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 246 10.6 Chapter Summary 247 Chapter 11: Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 250 11.0 Chapter Objectives 250 11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow 251 11.2 Turbulent Flow 254 11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 260 11.4 Chapter Summary 263 Chapter 12: Introduction to Heat Transfer 265 12.0 Chapter Objectives 265 12.1 Energy and Heat Units 265 12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 271 12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 277 12.4 Convection 282 12.5 Radiation 284 12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials 287 12.7 Chapter Summary 292 Chapter 13: Steady-State Conduction 299 13.0 Chapter Objectives 299 13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 299 13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 305 13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 313 13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 315 13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 318 13.6 Chapter Summary 326 Chapter 14: Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 332 14.0 Chapter Objectives 332 14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation 332 14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 334 14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 337 14.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 355 14.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 366 14.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change 372 14.7 Chapter Summary 376 Chapter 15: Introduction to Convection 385 15.0 Chapter Objectives 385 15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 385 15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 389 15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 394 15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 402 15.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 408 15.6 Boiling and Condensation 415 15.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 424 15.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 427 15.9 Chapter Summary 436 Chapter 16: Heat Exchangers 444 16.0 Chapter Objectives 444 16.1 Types of Exchangers 444 16.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 447 16.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 450 16.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 453 16.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 454 16.6 Chapter Summary 458 Chapter 17: Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 461 17.0 Chapter Objectives 461 17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 461 17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 465 17.3 Chapter Summary 482 Chapter 18: Introduction to Mass Transfer 487 18.0 Chapter Objectives 487 18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 487 18.2 Diffusion Coefficient 493 18.3 Convective Mass Transfer 508 18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 508 18.5 Chapter Summary 512 Chapter 19: Steady-State Mass Transfer 519 19.0 Chapter Objectives 519 19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 519 19.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 528 19.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids 531 19.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 537 19.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels 544 19.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 546 19.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 550 19.8 Chapter Summary 557 Chapter 20: Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 568 20.0 Chapter Objectives 568 20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion 568 20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 575 20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 577 20.4 Chapter Summary 582 Chapter 21: Convective Mass Transfer 586 21.0 Chapter Objectives 586 21.1 Convective Mass Transfer 586 21.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer 594 21.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries 595 21.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles 610 21.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 613 21.6 Chapter Summary 617 Part 2: Separation Process Principles Chapter 22: Absorption and Stripping 627 22.0 Chapter Objectives 627 22.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases 627 22.2 Introduction to Absorption 645 22.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers 649 22.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers 654 22.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption 656 22.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers 672 22.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers 675 22.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 679 22.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption 682 22.10 Chapter Summary 685 Chapter 23: Humidification Processes 694 23.0 Chapter Objectives 694 23.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 694 23.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification 703 23.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers 704 23.4 Chapter Summary 712 Chapter 24: Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase) 716 24.0 Chapter Objectives 716 24.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration 716 24.2 Basic Theory of Filtration 722 24.3 Membrane Separations 732 24.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes 733 24.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes 734 24.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes 738 24.7 Dialysis 747 24.8 Chapter Summary 751 Chapter 25: Gaseous Membrane Systems 759 25.0 Chapter Objectives 759 25.1 Gas Permeation 759 25.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 765 25.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures 770 25.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 773 25.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes 779 25.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes 787 25.7 Chapter Summary 798 Chapter 26: Distillation 805 26.0 Chapter Objectives 805 26.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases 805 26.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages 808 26.3 Simple Distillation Methods 813 26.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis Methods 818 26.5 Tray Efficiencies 836 26.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties 839 26.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration Method 841 26.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 851 26.9 Chapter Summary 862 Chapter 27: Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874 27.0 Chapter Objectives 874 27.1 Introduction to Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874 27.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction 878 27.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 880 27.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction 889 27.5 Chapter Summary 901 Chapter 28: Adsorption and Ion Exchange 907 28.0 Chapter Objectives 907 28.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes 907 28.2 Batch Adsorption 910 28.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 912 28.4 Ion-Exchange Processes 918 28.5 Chapter Summary 924 Chapter 29: Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction 928 29.0 Chapter Objectives 928 29.1 Introduction to Crystallization 928 29.2 Crystallization Theory 935 29.3 Mechanical Size Reduction 942 29.4 Chapter Summary 947 Chapter 30: Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation 952 30.0 Chapter Objectives 952 30.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid Separation 953 30.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes 966 30.3 Chapter Summary 979 Chapter 31: Leaching 984 31.0 Chapter Objectives 984 31.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid Leaching 984 31.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching 990 31.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 994 31.4 Chapter Summary 999 Chapter 32: Evaporation 1002 32.0 Chapter Objectives 1002 32.1 Introduction 1002 32.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods 1004 32.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators 1008 32.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators 1010 32.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators 1016 32.6 Condensers for Evaporators 1026 32.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials 1028 32.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression 1029 32.9 Chapter Summary 1030 Chapter 33: Drying 1035 33.0 Chapter Objectives 1035 33.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying 1035 33.2 Equipment for Drying 1036 33.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 1040 33.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials 1049 33.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves 1052 33.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period 1057 33.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period 1062 33.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period 1065 33.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 1068 33.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 1074 33.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 1084 33.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 1088 33.13 Chapter Summary 1096 Part 3: Appendixes Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 1107 Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water 1113 Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 1124 Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials 1147 Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens 1151 Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data 1154 Notation 1156 Index 1166 http://seizefile.net/702715 Сообщение отредактировал Williams - 10.07.2019 - 08:48 |
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20.05.2018 - 15:49
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Активный пользователь Группа: Пользователи Пользователь №: 188190 Сообщений: 863 Регистрация: 11.01.2017 Из: Pakistan Загружено: байт Скачано: байт Коэффициент: --- Спасибо сказали: 409 раз(а) |
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20.05.2018 - 16:25
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#3
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21.05.2018 - 13:44
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Завсегдатай Группа: Пользователи Пользователь №: 178203 Сообщений: 129 Регистрация: 11.06.2015 Загружено: байт Скачано: байт Коэффициент: --- Спасибо сказали: 59 раз(а) |
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Кол-во скачиваний: 24 Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles (5th Edition) Please upload this great book to MEGA.. |
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23.05.2018 - 00:45
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Завсегдатай Группа: Пользователи Пользователь №: 178203 Сообщений: 129 Регистрация: 11.06.2015 Загружено: байт Скачано: байт Коэффициент: --- Спасибо сказали: 59 раз(а) |
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13.07.2018 - 17:48
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Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, 5th Edition - Richard Turton, Joseph A. Shaeiwitz, Debangsu Bhattacharyya
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Table of Contents
Preface xxv About the Authors xxix List of Nomenclature xxxi Chapter 0: Outcomes Assessment 1 0.1 Student Self-Assessment 2 0.2 Assessment by Faculty 4 0.3 Summary 6 References 6 Section I: Conceptualization and Analysis of Chemical Processes 7 Chapter 1: Diagrams for Understanding Chemical Processes 9 1.1 Block Flow Diagram (BFD) 11 1.2 Process Flow Diagram (PFD) 14 1.3 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 27 1.4 Additional Diagrams 32 1.5 Three-Dimensional Representation of a Process 34 1.6 The 3-D Plant Model 41 1.7 Operator and 3-D Immersive Training Simulators 43 1.8 Summary 48 References 49 Short Answer Questions 49 Problems 50 Chapter 2: The Structure and Synthesis of Process Flow Diagrams 55 2.1 Hierarchy of Process Design 55 2.2 Step 1—Batch versus Continuous Process 56 2.3 Step 2—The Input/Output Structure of the Process 60 2.4 Step 3—The Recycle Structure of the Process 70 2.5 Step 4—General Structure of the Separation System 83 2.6 Step 5—Heat-Exchanger Network or Process Energy Recovery System 83 2.7 Information Required and Sources 83 2.8 Summary 83 References 85 Short Answer Questions 86 Problems 86 Chapter 3: Batch Processing 91 3.1 Design Calculations for Batch Processes 91 3.2 Gantt Charts and Scheduling 97 3.3 Nonoverlapping Operations, Overlapping Operations, and Cycle Times 98 3.4 Flowshop and Jobshop Plants 101 3.5 Product and Intermediate Storage and Parallel Process Units 106 3.6 Design of Equipment for Multiproduct Batch Processes 111 3.7 Summary 113 References 114 Short Answer Questions 114 Problems 114 Chapter 4: Chemical Product Design 123 4.1 Strategies for Chemical Product Design 124 4.2 Needs 125 4.3 Ideas 127 4.4 Selection 128 4.5 Manufacture 130 4.6 Batch Processing 131 4.7 Economic Considerations 131 4.8 Summary 132 References 132 Chapter 5: Tracing Chemicals through the Process Flow Diagram 135 5.1 Guidelines and Tactics for Tracing Chemicals 135 5.2 Tracing Primary Paths Taken by Chemicals in a Chemical Process 136 5.3 Recycle and Bypass Streams 142 5.4 Tracing Nonreacting Chemicals 145 5.5 Limitations 145 5.6 Written Process Description 146 5.7 Summary 147 Problems 147 Chapter 6: Understanding Process Conditions 149 6.1 Conditions of Special Concern for the Operation of Separation and Reactor Systems 150 6.2 Reasons for Operating at Conditions of Special Concern 152 6.3 Conditions of Special Concern for the Operation of Other Equipment 155 6.4 Analysis of Important Process Conditions 158 6.5 Summary 165 References 165 Short Answer Questions 165 Problems 166 Section II: Engineering Economic Analysis of Chemical Processes 169 Chapter 7: Estimation of Capital Costs 171 7.1 Classifications of Capital Cost Estimates 172 7.2 Estimation of Purchased Equipment Costs 175 7.3 Estimating the Total Capital Cost of a Plant 182 7.4 Estimation of Plant Costs Based on Capacity Information 206 7.5 Summary 208 References 208 Short Answer Questions 209 Problems 210 Chapter 8: Estimation of Manufacturing Costs 213 8.1 Factors Affecting the Cost of Manufacturing a Chemical Product 213 8.2 Cost of Operating Labor 218 8.3 Utility Costs 219 8.4 Raw Material Costs 234 8.5 Yearly Costs and Stream Factors 237 8.6 Estimating Utility Costs from the PFD 238 8.7 Cost of Treating Liquid and Solid Waste Streams 240 8.8 Evaluation of Cost of Manufacture for the Production of Benzene via the Hydrodealkylation of Toluene 241 8.9 Summary 242 References 243 Short Answer Questions 243 Problems 244 Chapter 9: Engineering Economic Analysis 247 9.1 Investments and the Time Value of Money 248 9.2 Different Types of Interest 251 9.3 Time Basis for Compound Interest Calculations 254 9.4 Cash Flow Diagrams 255 9.5 Calculations from Cash Flow Diagrams 259 9.6 Inflation 266 9.7 Depreciation of Capital Investment 268 9.8 Taxation, Cash Flow, and Profit 274 9.9 Summary 277 References 277 Short Answer Questions 278 Problems 278 Chapter 10: Profitability Analysis 285 10.1 A Typical Cash Flow Diagram for a New Project 285 10.2 Profitability Criteria for Project Evaluation 287 10.3 Comparing Several Large Projects: Incremental Economic Analysis 295 10.4 Establishing Acceptable Returns from Investments: The Concept of Risk 298 10.5 Evaluation of Equipment Alternatives 299 10.6 Incremental Analysis for Retrofitting Facilities 305 10.7 Evaluation of Risk in Evaluating Profitability 309 10.8 Profit Margin Analysis 325 10.9 Summary 326 References 327 Short Answer Questions 327 Problems 328 Section III: Synthesis and Optimization of Chemical Processes 343 Chapter 11: Utilizing Experience-Based Principles to Confirm the Suitability of a Process Design 347 11.1 The Role of Experience in the Design Process 348 11.2 Presentation of Tables of Technical Heuristics and Guidelines 351 11.3 Summary 354 List of Informational Tables 354 References 368 Problems 368 Chapter 12: Synthesis of the PFD from the Generic BFD 369 12.1 Information Needs and Sources 370 12.2 Reactor Section 372 12.3 Separator Section 373 12.4 Reactor Feed Preparation and Separator Feed Preparation Sections 388 12.5 Recycle Section 389 12.6 Environmental Control Section 389 12.7 Major Process Control Loops 390 12.8 Flow Summary Table 390 12.9 Major Equipment Summary Table 390 12.10 Summary 391 References 391 General Reference 392 Problems 392 Chapter 13: Synthesis of a Process Using a Simulator and Simulator Troubleshooting 397 13.1 The Structure of a Process Simulator 398 13.2 Information Required to Complete a Process Simulation: Input Data 401 13.3 Handling Recycle Streams 413 13.4 Choosing Thermodynamic Models 415 13.5 Case Study: Toluene Hydrodealkylation Process 426 13.6 Electrolyte Systems Modeling 428 13.7 Solids Modeling 440 Appendix 13.1 445 Appendix 13.2 447 13.8 Summary 450 References 451 Short Answer Questions 454 Problems 455 Chapter 14: Process Optimization 463 14.1 Background Information on Optimization 463 14.2 Strategies 469 14.3 Topological Optimization 473 14.4 Parametric Optimization 479 14.5 Lattice Search, Response Surface, and Mathematical Optimization Techniques 489 14.6 Process Flexibility and the Sensitivity of the Optimum 489 14.7 Optimization in Batch Systems 490 14.8 Summary 497 References 498 Short Answer Questions 498 Problems 498 Chapter 15: Pinch Technology 509 15.1 Introduction 509 15.2 Heat Integration and Network Design 510 15.3 Composite Temperature-Enthalpy Diagram 523 15.4 Composite Enthalpy Curves for Systems without a Pinch 524 15.5 Using the Composite Enthalpy Curve to Estimate Heat-Exchanger Surface Area 525 15.6 Effectiveness Factor (F) and the Number of Shells 529 15.7 Combining Costs to Give the EAOC for the Network 534 15.8 Other Considerations 536 15.9 Heat-Exchanger Network Synthesis Analysis and Design (HENSAD) Program 540 15.10 Mass-Exchange Networks 541 15.11 Summary 550 References 550 Short Answer Questions 551 Problems 552 Chapter 16: Advanced Topics Using Steady-State Simulators 561 16.1 Why the Need for Advanced Topics in Steady-State Simulation? 562 16.2 User-Added Models 562 16.3 Solution Strategy for Steady-State Simulations 571 16.4 Studies with the Steady-State Simulation 589 16.5 Estimation of Physical Property Parameters 601 16.6 Summary 605 References 605 Short Answer Questions 607 Problems 607 Chapter 17: Using Dynamic Simulators in Process Design 617 17.1 Why Is There a Need for Dynamic Simulation? 618 17.2 Setting Up a Dynamic Simulation 619 17.3 Dynamic Simulation Solution Methods 633 17.4 Process Control 639 17.5 Summary 647 References 647 Short Answer Questions 648 Problems 649 Chapter 18: Regulation and Control of Chemical Processes with Applications Using Commercial Software 655 18.1 A Simple Regulation Problem 656 18.2 The Characteristics of Regulating Valves 657 18.3 Regulating Flowrates and Pressures 660 18.4 The Measurement of Process Variables 662 18.5 Common Control Strategies Used in Chemical Processes 663 18.6 Exchanging Heat and Work between Process and Utility Streams 674 18.7 Logic Control 680 18.8 Advanced Process Control 682 18.9 Case Studies 683 18.10 Putting It All Together: The Operator Training Simulator (OTS) 688 18.11 Summary 689 References 690 Problems 690 Section IV: Chemical Equipment Design and Performance Process Equipment Design and Performance 695 Chapter 19: Process Fluid Mechanics 697 19.1 Basic Relationships in Fluid Mechanics 697 19.2 Fluid Flow Equipment 703 19.3 Frictional Pipe Flow 709 19.4 Other Flow Situations 723 19.5 Performance of Fluid Flow Equipment 736 References 755 Short Answer Questions 756 Problems 757 Chapter 20: Process Heat Transfer 771 20.1 Basic Heat-Exchanger Relationships 771 20.2 Heat-Exchange Equipment Design and Characteristics 779 20.3 LMTD Correction Factor for Multiple Shell and Tube Passes 789 20.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients—Resistances in Series 798 20.5 Estimation of Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients and Fouling Resistances 800 20.6 Extended Surfaces 828 20.7 Algorithm and Worked Examples for the Design of Heat Exchangers 837 20.8 Performance Problems 846 References 859 Appendix 20.A Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness Charts 861 Appendix 20.B Derivation of Fin Effectiveness for a Rectangular Fin 864 Short Answer Questions 866 Problems 866 Chapter 21: Separation Equipment 875 21.1 Basic Relationships in Separations 876 21.2 Illustrative Diagrams 883 21.3 Equipment 911 21.4 Extraction Equipment 942 21.5 Gas Permeation Membrane Separations 947 References 951 Short Answer Questions 952 Problems 954 Chapter 22: Reactors 961 22.1 Basic Relationships 962 22.2 Equipment Design for Nonisothermal Conditions 980 22.3 Performance Problems 1003 Chapter 23: Other Equipment 1015 23.1 Pressure Vessels 1016 23.2 Knockout Drums or Simple Phase Separators 1024 23.3 Steam Ejectors 1049 References 1058 Short Answer Questions 1059 Problems 1060 Chapter 24: Process Troubleshooting and Debottlenecking 1065 24.1 Recommended Methodology 1067 24.2 Troubleshooting Individual Units 1071 24.3 Troubleshooting Multiple Units 1076 24.4 A Process Troubleshooting Problem 1081 24.5 Debottlenecking Problems 1085 24.6 Summary 1091 References 1091 Problems 1091 Section V: The Impact of Chemical Engineering Design on Society 1101 Chapter 25: Ethics and Professionalism 1103 25.1 Ethics 1104 25.2 Professional Registration 1121 25.3 Legal Liability [13] 1125 25.4 Business Codes of Conduct [14, 15] 1126 25.5 Summary 1127 References 1128 Problems 1129 Chapter 26: Health, Safety, and the Environment 1131 26.1 Risk Assessment 1131 26.2 Regulations and Agencies 1134 26.3 Fires and Explosions 1143 26.4 Process Hazard Analysis 1145 26.5 Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board 1153 26.6 Inherently Safe Design 1153 26.7 Summary 1154 26.8 Glossary 1154 References 1156 Problems 1157 Chapter 27: Green Engineering 1159 27.1 Environmental Regulations 1159 27.2 Environmental Fate of Chemicals 1160 27.3 Green Chemistry 1163 27.4 Pollution Prevention during Process Design 1164 27.5 Analysis of a PFD for Pollution Performance and Environmental Performance 1166 27.6 An Example of the Economics of Pollution Prevention 1167 27.7 Life Cycle Analysis 1168 27.8 Summary 1169 Section VI: Interpersonal and Communication Skills 1173 Chapter 28: Teamwork 1175 28.1 Groups 1175 28.2 Group Evolution 1184 28.3 Teams and Teamwork 1186 28.4 Misconceptions 1189 28.5 Learning in Teams 1189 28.6 Other Reading 1190 28.7 Summary 1191 References 1192 Problems 1192 Chapter 29: Written and Oral Communication 1195 29.1 Audience Analysis 1196 29.2 Written Communication 1196 29.3 Oral Communication 1209 29.4 Software and Author Responsibility 1215 29.5 Summary 1218 References 1218 Problems 1219 Chapter 30: A Report-Writing Case Study 1221 30.1 The Assignment Memorandum 1221 30.2 Response Memorandum 1222 30.3 Visual Aids 1224 30.4 Example Reports 1230 30.5 Checklist of Common Mistakes and Errors 1244 Appendix A: Cost Equations and Curves for the CAPCOST Program 1247 A.1 Purchased Equipment Costs 1247 A.2 Pressure Factors 1264 A.3 Material Factors and Bare Module Factors 1267 References 1275 Appendix B: Information for the Preliminary Design of Fifteen Chemical Processes 1277 B.1 Dimethyl Ether (DME) Production, Unit 200 1278 B.2 Ethylbenzene Production, Unit 300 1283 B.3 Styrene Production, Unit 400 1291 B.4 Drying Oil Production, Unit 500 1299 B.5 Production of Maleic Anhydride from Benzene, Unit 600 1305 B.6 Ethylene Oxide Production, Unit 700 1311 B.7 Formalin Production, Unit 800 1317 B.8 Batch Production of L-Phenylalanine and L-Aspartic Acid, Unit 900 1323 B.9 Acrylic Acid Production via the Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Propylene [1–5], Unit 1000 1329 B.10 Production of Acetone via the Dehydrogenation of Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) [1–4], Unit 1100 1338 B.11 Production of Heptenes from Propylene and Butenes [1], Unit 1200 1344 B.12 Design of a Shift Reactor Unit to Convert CO to CO2, Unit 1300 1352 B.13 Design of a Dual-Stage Selexol Unit to Remove CO2 and H2S From B.14 Design of a Claus Unit for the Conversion of H2S to Elemental Sulfur, Unit 1500 1363 B.15 Modeling a Downward-Flow, Oxygen-Blown, Entrained-Flow Gasifier, Unit 1600 1371 Appendix C: Design Projects 1379 Project 1 Increasing the Production of 3-Chloro-1-Propene (Allyl Chloride) in Unit 600 1381 Project 2 Design and Optimization of a New 20,000-Metric-Tons-per-Year Facility to Produce Allyl Chloride at La Nueva Cantina, Mexico 1394 Project 4 The Design of a New 100,000-Metric-Tons-per-Year Phthalic Anhydride Production Facility 1412 Project 5 Problems at the Cumene Production Facility, Unit 800 1417 Project 6 Design of a New, 100,000-Metric-Tons-per-Year Cumene Production Facility 1430 Index 1433 Приватный текст
Essentials of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd Edition - H. Scott Fogler » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface xv About the Author xxxi Chapter 1: Mole Balances 1 1.1 The Rate of Reaction, –rA 4 1.2 The General Mole Balance Equation 8 1.3 Batch Reactors (BRs) 10 1.4 Continuous-Flow Reactors 12 1.5 Industrial Reactors 23 Chapter 2: Conversiona and Reactor Sizing 33 2.1 Definition of Conversion 34 2.2 Batch Reactor Design Equations 34 2.3 Design Equations for Flow Reactors 37 2.4 Sizing Continuous-Flow Reactors 40 2.5 Reactors in Series 49 2.6 Some Further Definitions 60 Chapter 3: Rate Laws 71 3.1 Basic Definitions 72 3.2 The Rate Law 74 3.3 The Reaction Rate Constant 85 3.4 Molecular Simulations 95 3.5 Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design 99 Chapter 4: Stoichiometry 111 4.1 Batch Systems 113 4.2 Flow Systems 119 4.3 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Conversion 132 Chapter 5: Isothermal Reactor Design: Conversion 147 5.1 Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors 148 5.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 152 5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 160 5.4 Tubular Reactors 170 5.5 Pressure Drop in Reactors 177 5.6 Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant 199 Chapter 6: Isothermal Reactor Design: Moles and Molar Flow Rates 217 6.1 The Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithm 218 6.2 Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors 218 6.3 Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a Microreactor 222 6.4 Membrane Reactors 227 6.5 Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors 236 6.6 Semibatch Reactors 237 Chapter 7: Collection and Analysis of Rate Data 255 7.1 The Algorithm for Data Analysis 256 7.2 Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the Method of Excess 258 7.3 Integral Method 259 7.4 Differential Method of Analysis 263 7.5 Nonlinear Regression 271 7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors 276 7.7 Experimental Planning 283 Chapter 8: Multiple Reactions 293 8.1 Definitions 294 8.2 Algorithm for Multiple Reactions 297 8.3 Parallel Reactions 300 8.4 Reactions in Series 309 8.5 Complex Reactions 319 8.6 Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions 327 8.7 Sorting It All Out 332 8.8 The Fun Part 332 Chapter 9: Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, and Bioreactors 349 9.1 Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws 350 9.2 Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals 359 9.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions 372 9.4 Bioreactors and Biosynthesis 380 Chapter 10: Catalysis and Catalytic Reactors 419 10.1 Catalysts 419 10.2 Steps in a Catalytic Reaction 425 10.3 Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step 441 10.4 Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design 457 10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication 467 10.6 Model Discrimination 472 10.7 Catalyst Deactivation 475 10.8 Reactors That Can Be Used to Help Offset Catalyst Decay 485 Chapter 11: Nonisothermal Reactor Design–The Steady-State Energy Balance and Adiabatic PFR Applications 515 11.1 Rationale 516 11.2 The Energy Balance 517 11.3 The User-Friendly Energy Balance Equations 525 11.4 Adiabatic Operation 531 11.5 Adiabatic Equilibrium Conversion 541 11.6 Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling or Heating 546 11.7 Optimum Feed Temperature 550 Chapter 12: Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design—Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange 565 12.1 Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange 566 12.2 Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid 569 12.3 Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with Heat Effects 572 12.4 CSTR with Heat Effects 592 12.5 Multiple Steady States (MSS) 602 12.6 Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions 609 12.7 Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor 624 12.8 Safety 632 Chapter 13: Unsteady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design 661 13.1 The Unsteady-State Energy Balance 662 13.2 Energy Balance on Batch Reactors (BRs) 664 13.3 Batch and Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger 679 13.4 Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions 690 Appendix A: Numerical Techniques 715 A.1 Useful Integrals in Reactor Design 715 A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation 716 A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations 718 A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals 719 A.5 Semilog Graphs 721 A.6 Software Packages 721 Appendix B: Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors 723 Appendix C: Thermodynamic Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant 727 Appendix D: Software Packages 733 D.1 Polymath 733 D.2 Wolfram 735 D.3 MATLAB 735 D.4 Excel 736 D.5 COMSOL (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/5e/12chap/comsol.html) 736 D.6 Aspen 737 D.7 Visual Encyclopedia of Equipment—Reactors Section 738 D.8 Reactor Lab 738 Appendix E: Rate-Law Data 739 Appendix F: Nomenclature 741 Appendix G: Open-Ended Problems 745 G.1 Design of Reaction Engineering Experiment 745 G.2 Effective Lubricant Design 745 G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor 745 G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation 746 G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design 746 G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing 746 G.7 Methanol Synthesis 746 G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo 746 G.9 Alcohol Metabolism 747 G.10 Methanol Poisoning 748 Appendix H: Use of Computational Chemistry Software Packages 749 H.1 Computational Chemical Engineering 749 Appendix I: How to Use the CRE Web Resources 751 I.1 CRE Web Resources Components 751 I.2 How the Web Can Help Your Learning Style 754 I.3 Navigation 755 Index 757 Web Chapters (available on companion Web site) Chapter 14: Mass Transfer Limitations in Reacting Systems Chapter 15: Diffusion and Reaction Chapter 16: Residence Time Distributions of Chemical Reactors Chapter 17: Predicting Conversion Directly from the Residence Time Distribution Chapter 18: Models for Nonideal Reactors Приватный текст
Mass Transfer Processes: Modeling, Computations, and Design - P. A. Ramachandran » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface xxix About the Author xxxvii Notation xxxix Part I: Fundamentals of Mass Transfer Modeling 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Modeling of Mass Transfer Processes 3 1.1 What Is Mass Transfer? 5 1.2 Preliminaries: Continuum and Concentration 7 1.3 Flux Vector 10 1.4 Concentration Jump at Interface 15 1.5 Application Examples 20 1.6 Basic Methodology of Model Development 28 1.7 Conservation Principle 29 1.8 Differential Models 30 1.9 Macroscopic Scale 32 1.10 Mesoscopic or Cross-Section Averaged Models 37 1.11 Compartmental Models 43 Chapter 2: Examples of Differential (1-D) Balances 51 2.1 Cartesian Coordinates 52 2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates 67 2.3 Spherical Coordinates 73 Chapter 3: Examples of Macroscopic Models 85 3.1 Macroscopic Balance 87 3.2 The Batch Reactor 90 3.3 Reactor–Separator Combination 96 3.4 Sublimation of a Spherical Particle 101 3.5 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in a Stirred Tank 104 3.6 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 106 3.7 Tracer Experiments: Test for Backmixed Assumption 110 3.8 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 112 Chapter 4: Examples of Mesoscopic Models 123 4.1 Solid Dissolution from a Wall 124 4.2 Tubular Flow Reactor 129 4.3 Mass Exchangers 134 Chapter 5: Equations of Mass Transfer 151 5.1 Flux Form 153 5.2 Frame of Reference 156 5.3 Properties of Diffusion Flux 163 5.4 Pseudo-Binary Diffusivity 165 5.5 Concentration Form 166 5.6 Common Boundary Conditions 171 5.7 Macroscopic Models: Single-Phase Systems 172 5.8 Multiphase Systems: Local Volume Averaging 175 Chapter 6: Diffusion-Dominated Processes and the Film Model 185 6.1 Steady State Diffusion: No Reaction 186 6.2 Diffusion-Induced Convection 193 6.3 Film Concept in Mass Transfer Analysis 198 6.4 Surface Reactions: Role of Mass Transfer 206 6.5 Gas–Liquid Interface: Two-Film Model 212 Chapter 7: Phenomena of Diffusion 223 7.1 Diffusion Coeffcients in Gases 224 7.2 Diffusion Coeffcients in Liquids 237 7.3 Non-Ideal Liquids 243 7.4 Solid–Solid Diffusion 246 7.5 Diffusion of Fluids in Porous Solids 248 7.6 Heterogeneous Media 254 7.7 Polymeric Membranes 256 7.8 Other Complex Effects 257 Chapter 8: Transient Diffusion Processes 265 8.1 Transient Diffusion Problems in 1-D 266 8.2 Solution for Slab: Dirichlet Case 267 8.3 Solutions for Slab: Robin Condition 276 8.4 Solution for Cylinders and Spheres 278 8.5 Transient Non-Homogeneous Problems 283 8.6 2-D Problems: Product Solution Method 285 8.7 Semi-Infinite Slab Analysis 287 8.8 Penetration Theory of Mass Transfer 294 8.9 Transient Diffusion with Variable Diffusivity 295 8.10 Eigenvalue Computations with CHEBFUN 297 8.11 Computations with PDEPE Solver 299 Chapter 9: Basics of Convective Mass Transport 309 9.1 Definitions for External and Internal Flows 310 9.2 Relation to Differential Model 311 9.3 Key Dimensionless Groups 313 9.4 Mass Transfer in Flows in Pipes and Channels 315 9.5 Mass Transfer in Flow over a Flat Plate 316 9.6 Mass Transfer for Film Flow 318 9.7 Mass Transfer from a Solid Sphere 320 9.8 Mass Transfer from a Gas Bubble 321 9.9 Mass Transfer in Mechanically Agitated Tanks 325 9.10 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed Absorber 327 Chapter 10: Convective Mass Transfer: Theory for Internal Laminar Flow 335 10.1 Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow in a Pipe 336 10.2 Wall Reaction: The Robin Problem 344 10.3 Entry Region Analysis 348 10.4 Channel Flows with Mass Transfer 350 10.5 Mass Transfer in Film Flow 353 10.6 Numerical Solution with PDEPE 358 Chapter 11: Mass Transfer in Laminar Boundary Layers 365 11.1 Flat Plate with Low Flux Mass Transfer 366 11.2 Integral Balance Approach 376 11.3 High Flux Analysis 383 11.4 Mass Transfer for Flow over Inclined and Curved Surfaces 388 11.5 Bubbles and Drops 396 Chapter 12: Convective Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 403 12.1 Properties of Turbulent Flow 404 12.2 Properties of Time Averaging 406 12.3 Time-Averaged Equation of Mass Transfer 408 12.4 Closure Models 411 12.5 Velocity and Turbulent Diffusivity Profiles 413 12.6 Turbulent Mass Transfer in Channels and Pipes 417 12.7 Van Driest Model for Large Sc 425 12.8 Turbulent Mass Transfer at Gas–Liquid Interface 427 Chapter 13: Macroscopic and Compartmental Models 435 13.1 Stirred Reactor: The Backmixing Assumption 436 13.2 Transient Balance: Tracer Studies 438 13.3 Moment Analysis of Tracer Data 444 13.4 Tanks in Series Models: Reactor Performance 449 13.5 Macrofluid Models 450 13.6 Variance-Based Models for Partial Micromixing 453 13.7 Compartmental Models 454 13.8 Compartmental Models for Environmental Transport 459 13.9 Fluid–Fluid Systems 462 13.10 Models for Multistage Cascades 465 Chapter 14: Mesoscopic Models and the Concept of Dispersion 475 14.1 Plug Flow Idealization 476 14.2 Dispersion Model 478 14.3 Dispersion Coeffcient: Tracer Response Method 484 14.4 Taylor Model for Dispersion in Laminar Flow 488 14.5 Segregated Flow Model 491 14.6 Dispersion Coe[1]cient Values for Some Common Cases 493 14.7 Two-Phase Flow: Models Based on Ideal Flow Patterns 495 14.8 Tracer Response in Two-Phase Systems 503 Chapter 15: Mass Transfer: Multicomponent Systems 517 15.1 Constitutive Model for Multicomponent Transport 518 15.2 Computations for a Reacting System 520 15.3 Heterogeneous Reactions 525 15.4 Non-Reacting Systems 528 15.5 Multicomponent Diffusivity Matrix 535 Chapter 16: Mass Transport in Electrolytic Systems 543 16.1 Transport of Charged Species: Preliminaries 544 16.2 Charge Neutrality 547 16.3 General Expression for the Electric Field 548 16.4 Electrolyte Transport across Uncharged Membrane 551 16.5 Transport across a Charged Membrane 553 16.6 Transfer Rate in Diffusion Film near an Electrode 556 Part II: Reacting Systems 565 Chapter 17: Laminar Flow Reactor 567 17.1 Model Equations and Key Dimensionless Groups 568 17.2 Two Limiting Cases 572 17.3 Mesoscopic Dispersion Model 575 17.4 Other Examples of Flow Reactors 577 Chapter 18: Mass Transfer with Reaction: Porous Catalysts 585 18.1 Catalyst Properties and Applications 586 18.2 Diffusion-Reaction Model 588 18.3 Multiple Species 605 18.4 Three-Phase Catalytic Reactions 607 18.5 Temperature Effects in a Porous Catalyst 610 18.6 Orthogonal Collocation Method 615 18.7 Finite Difference Methods 617 18.8 Linking with Reactor Models 622 Chapter 19: Reacting Solids 635 19.1 Shrinking Core Model 636 19.2 Volume Reaction Model 644 19.3 Other Models for Gas–Solid Reactions 651 19.4 Solid–Solid Reactions 654 Chapter 20: Gas–Liquid Reactions: Film Theory Models 661 20.1 First-Order Reaction of Dissolved Gas 662 20.2 Bulk Concentration and Bulk Reactions 668 20.3 Bimolecular Reactions 672 20.4 Simultaneous Absorption of Two Gases 684 20.5 Coupling with Reactor Models 688 20.6 Absorption in Slurries 692 20.7 Liquid–Liquid Reactions 697 Chapter 21: Gas–Liquid Reactions: Penetration Theory Approach 705 21.1 Concepts of Penetration Theory 706 21.2 Bimolecular Reaction 712 21.3 Instantaneous Reaction Case 714 21.4 Ideal Contactors 717 Chapter 22: Reactive Membranes and Facilitated Transport 727 22.1 Single Solute Diffusion 729 22.2 Co- and Counter-Transport 736 22.3 Equilibrium Model: A Computational Scheme 739 22.4 Reactive Membranes in Practice 742 Chapter 23: Biomedical Applications 749 23.1 Oxygen Uptake in Lungs 751 23.2 Transport in Tissues: Krogh Model 757 23.3 Compartmental Models for Pharmacokinetics 760 23.4 Model for a Hemodialyzer 763 Chapter 24 Electrochemical Reaction Engineering 775 24.1 Basic Definitions 776 24.2 Thermodynamic Considerations: Nernst Equation 781 24.3 Kinetic Model for Electrochemical Reactions 786 24.4 Mass Transfer Eects 791 24.5 Voltage Balance 793 24.6 Copper Electrowinning 795 24.7 Hydrogen Fuel Cell 798 24.8 Li-Ion Battery Modeling 800 Part III: Mass Transfer–Based Separations 809 Chapter 25: Humidification and Drying 811 25.1 Wet and Dry Bulb Temperature 812 25.2 Humidification: Cooling Towers 815 25.3 Model for Counterflow 817 25.4 Cross-Flow Cooling Towers 825 25.5 Drying 827 25.6 Constant Rate Period 830 25.7 Falling Rate Period 833 Chapter 26: Condensation 845 26.1 Condensation of Pure Vapor 846 26.2 Condensation of a Vapor with a Non-Condensible Gas 850 26.3 Fog Formation 855 26.4 Condensation of Binary Gas Mixture 857 26.5 Condenser Model 861 26.6 Ternary Systems 864 Chapter 27: Gas Transport in Membranes 871 27.1 Gas Separation Membranes 872 27.2 Gas Translation Model 879 27.3 Gas Permeator Models 881 27.4 Reactor Coupled with a Membrane Separator 890 Chapter 28: Liquid Separation Membranes 897 28.1 Classification Based on Pore Size 898 28.2 Transport in Semi-Permeable Membranes 900 28.3 Forward Osmosis 907 28.4 Pervaporation 908 Chapter 29: Adsorption and Chromatography 919 29.1 Applications and Adsorbent Properties 920 29.2 Isotherms 921 29.3 Model for Batch Slurry Adsorber 924 29.4 Fixed Bed Adsorption 931 29.5 Chromatography 938 Chapter 30: Electrodialysis and Electrophoresis 945 30.1 Technological Aspects 946 30.2 Preliminary Design of an Electrodialyzer 951 30.3 Principle of Electrophoresis 955 30.4 Electrophoretic Separation Devices 957 References 965 Index 979 Приватный текст
Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 5th Edition - Christie John Geankoplis, Allen H. Hersel, Daniel H. Lepek » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition xxvii About the Authors xxxi Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 3 1.0 Chapter Objectives 3 1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 3 1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 6 1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 8 1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 10 1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 13 1.6 Energy and Heat Units 17 1.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 23 1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration 28 1.9 Chapter Summary 29 Chapter 2: Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 36 2.0 Chapter Objectives 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Fluid Statics 37 2.3 Chapter Summary 47 Chapter 3: Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 50 3.0 Chapter Objectives 50 3.1 Viscosity of Fluids 50 3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 54 3.3 Chapter Summary 58 Chapter 4: Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 61 4.0 Chapter Objectives 61 4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 62 4.2 Overall Energy Balance 68 4.3 Overall Momentum Balance 81 4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 90 4.5 Chapter Summary 96 Chapter 5: Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 105 5.0 Chapter Objectives 105 5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 106 5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases 125 5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 129 5.4 Chapter Summary 138 Chapter 6: Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 145 6.0 Chapter Objectives 145 6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects 146 6.2 Flow in Packed Beds 150 6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds 156 6.4 Chapter Summary 161 Chapter 7: Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 166 7.0 Chapter Objectives 166 7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 166 7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 176 7.3 Chapter Summary 192 Chapter 8: Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 196 8.0 Chapter Objectives 196 8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity 196 8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 202 8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 207 8.4 Chapter Summary 216 Chapter 9: Non-Newtonian Fluids 220 9.0 Chapter Objectives 220 9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids 221 9.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 226 9.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids 229 9.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer 232 9.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids 234 9.6 Chapter Summary 235 Chapter 10: Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 239 10.0 Chapter Objectives 239 10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 239 10.2 Stream Function 240 10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 241 10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 241 10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 246 10.6 Chapter Summary 247 Chapter 11: Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 250 11.0 Chapter Objectives 250 11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow 251 11.2 Turbulent Flow 254 11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 260 11.4 Chapter Summary 263 Chapter 12: Introduction to Heat Transfer 265 12.0 Chapter Objectives 265 12.1 Energy and Heat Units 265 12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 271 12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 277 12.4 Convection 282 12.5 Radiation 284 12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials 287 12.7 Chapter Summary 292 Chapter 13: Steady-State Conduction 299 13.0 Chapter Objectives 299 13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 299 13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 305 13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 313 13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 315 13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 318 13.6 Chapter Summary 326 Chapter 14: Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 332 14.0 Chapter Objectives 332 14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation 332 14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 334 14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 337 14.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 355 14.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 366 14.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change 372 14.7 Chapter Summary 376 Chapter 15: Introduction to Convection 385 15.0 Chapter Objectives 385 15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 385 15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 389 15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 394 15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 402 15.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 408 15.6 Boiling and Condensation 415 15.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 424 15.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 427 15.9 Chapter Summary 436 Chapter 16: Heat Exchangers 444 16.0 Chapter Objectives 444 16.1 Types of Exchangers 444 16.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors 447 16.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 450 16.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values 453 16.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger 454 16.6 Chapter Summary 458 Chapter 17: Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 461 17.0 Chapter Objectives 461 17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 461 17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 465 17.3 Chapter Summary 482 Chapter 18: Introduction to Mass Transfer 487 18.0 Chapter Objectives 487 18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 487 18.2 Diffusion Coefficient 493 18.3 Convective Mass Transfer 508 18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 508 18.5 Chapter Summary 512 Chapter 19: Steady-State Mass Transfer 519 19.0 Chapter Objectives 519 19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 519 19.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 528 19.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids 531 19.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 537 19.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels 544 19.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 546 19.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 550 19.8 Chapter Summary 557 Chapter 20: Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 568 20.0 Chapter Objectives 568 20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion 568 20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 575 20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 577 20.4 Chapter Summary 582 Chapter 21: Convective Mass Transfer 586 21.0 Chapter Objectives 586 21.1 Convective Mass Transfer 586 21.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer 594 21.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries 595 21.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles 610 21.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 613 21.6 Chapter Summary 617 Part 2: Separation Process Principles Chapter 22: Absorption and Stripping 627 22.0 Chapter Objectives 627 22.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases 627 22.2 Introduction to Absorption 645 22.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers 649 22.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers 654 22.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption 656 22.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers 672 22.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers 675 22.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers 679 22.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption 682 22.10 Chapter Summary 685 Chapter 23: Humidification Processes 694 23.0 Chapter Objectives 694 23.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 694 23.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification 703 23.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers 704 23.4 Chapter Summary 712 Chapter 24: Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase) 716 24.0 Chapter Objectives 716 24.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration 716 24.2 Basic Theory of Filtration 722 24.3 Membrane Separations 732 24.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes 733 24.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes 734 24.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes 738 24.7 Dialysis 747 24.8 Chapter Summary 751 Chapter 25: Gaseous Membrane Systems 759 25.0 Chapter Objectives 759 25.1 Gas Permeation 759 25.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 765 25.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures 770 25.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes 773 25.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes 779 25.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes 787 25.7 Chapter Summary 798 Chapter 26: Distillation 805 26.0 Chapter Objectives 805 26.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases 805 26.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages 808 26.3 Simple Distillation Methods 813 26.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis Methods 818 26.5 Tray Efficiencies 836 26.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties 839 26.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration Method 841 26.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures 851 26.9 Chapter Summary 862 Chapter 27: Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874 27.0 Chapter Objectives 874 27.1 Introduction to Liquid–Liquid Extraction 874 27.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction 878 27.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 880 27.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction 889 27.5 Chapter Summary 901 Chapter 28: Adsorption and Ion Exchange 907 28.0 Chapter Objectives 907 28.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes 907 28.2 Batch Adsorption 910 28.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 912 28.4 Ion-Exchange Processes 918 28.5 Chapter Summary 924 Chapter 29: Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction 928 29.0 Chapter Objectives 928 29.1 Introduction to Crystallization 928 29.2 Crystallization Theory 935 29.3 Mechanical Size Reduction 942 29.4 Chapter Summary 947 Chapter 30: Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation 952 30.0 Chapter Objectives 952 30.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid Separation 953 30.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes 966 30.3 Chapter Summary 979 Chapter 31: Leaching 984 31.0 Chapter Objectives 984 31.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid Leaching 984 31.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching 990 31.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 994 31.4 Chapter Summary 999 Chapter 32: Evaporation 1002 32.0 Chapter Objectives 1002 32.1 Introduction 1002 32.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods 1004 32.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators 1008 32.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators 1010 32.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators 1016 32.6 Condensers for Evaporators 1026 32.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials 1028 32.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression 1029 32.9 Chapter Summary 1030 Chapter 33: Drying 1035 33.0 Chapter Objectives 1035 33.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying 1035 33.2 Equipment for Drying 1036 33.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity 1040 33.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials 1049 33.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves 1052 33.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period 1057 33.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period 1062 33.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period 1065 33.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow 1068 33.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers 1074 33.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials 1084 33.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials 1088 33.13 Chapter Summary 1096 Part 3: Appendixes Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors 1107 Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water 1113 Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 1124 Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials 1147 Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens 1151 Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data 1154 Notation 1156 Index 1166 Приватный текст
Chemical Process Equipment Design - Richard Turton, Joseph A. Shaeiwitz » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Authors xv Chapter 1: Process Fluid Mechanics 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Basic Relationships in Fluid Mechanics 1 1.2 Fluid Flow Equipment 7 1.3 Frictional Pipe Flow 13 1.4 Other Flow Situations 28 1.5 Performance of Fluid Flow Equipment 41 Chapter 2: Process Heat Transfer 77 2.0 Introduction 77 2.1 Basic Heat-Exchanger Relationships 77 2.2 Heat-Exchange Equipment Design and Characteristics 84 2.3 LMTD Correction Factor for Multiple Shell and Tube Passes 95 2.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients–Resistances in Series 104 2.5 Estimation of Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients and Fouling Resistances 106 2.6 Extended Surfaces 135 2.7 Algorithm and Worked Examples for the Design of Heat Exchangers 144 2.8 Performance Problems 154 Chapter 3: Separation Equipment 185 3.0 Introduction 185 3.1 Basic Relationships in Separations 186 3.2 Illustrative Diagrams 193 3.3 Equipment 221 3.4 Extraction Equipment 251 3.5 Gas Permeation Membrane Separations 253 Chapter 4: Reactors 275 4.0 Introduction 275 4.1 Basic Relationships 276 4.2 Equipment Design for Nonisothermal Conditions 294 4.3 Performance Problems 317 Chapter 5: Other Equipment 331 5.0 Introduction 331 5.1 Pressure Vessels 332 5.2 Knockout Drums or Simple Phase Separators 340 5.3 Steam Ejectors 365 Index 383 Приватный текст
Fundamental Concepts and Computations in Chemical Engineering Vivek Utgika Table of Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Chapter 1: The Chemical Engineering Profession 1 1.1 Engineering and Engineers 2 1.2 Engineering Disciplines 8 1.3 Defining Chemical Engineering 12 1.4 Roles and Responsibilities of a Chemical Engineer 14 1.5 Employment of Chemical Engineers 19 1.6 Summary 22 Chapter 2: Chemical and Allied Industries 27 2.1 Classification of Industries 27 2.2 The Chemical Industry 29 2.3 Related Industries 34 2.4 Top 50 Chemical Companies 36 2.5 Important Chemical Products 40 2.6 Characteristics of Chemical Industries 50 2.7 Summary 53 Chapter 3: Making of a Chemical Engineer 57 3.1 A Chemical Process Plant: Synthesis of Ammonia 57 3.2 Responsibilities and Functions of a Chemical Engineer 61 3.3 Chemical Engineering Curriculum 63 3.4 Summary 87 Chapter 4: Introduction to Computations in Chemical Engineering 91 4.1 Nature of Chemical Engineering Computational Problems 91 4.2 Solution Algorithms 102 4.3 Computational Tools—Machines and Software 107 4.4 Summary 113 Chapter 5: Computations in Fluid Flow 117 5.1 Qualitative Description of Flow in Conduits 117 5.2 Quantitative Analysis of Fluid Flow 119 5.3 Basic Computational Problems 124 5.4 Summary 140 Chapter 6: Material Balance Computations 143 6.1 Quantitative Principles of Material Balance 143 6.2 Material Balances in Nonreacting Systems 146 6.3 Material Balances in Reacting Systems 151 6.4 Material Balances over Multiple Process Units 159 6.5 Summary 163 Chapter 7: Energy Balance Computations 167 7.1 Quantitative Principles of Energy Balance 167 7.2 Basic Energy Balance Problems 175 7.3 Summary 186 Chapter 8: Computations in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 191 8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics 192 8.2 Basic Computational Problems 204 8.3 Summary 211 Chapter 9: Computations in Chemical Engineering Kinetics 217 9.1 Fundamental Concepts of Chemical Engineering Kinetics 218 9.2 Basic Computational Problems 229 9.3 Summary 240 Epilogue 245 Appendix A: Introduction to Mathematical Software Packages 247 Appendix B: Computations Using Process Simulation Software 259 Index 273 Приватный текст
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 5th Edition - H. Scott Fogler » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface xvii About the Author xxxiii Chapter 1: Mole Balances 1 1.1 The Rate of Reaction, –rA 4 1.2 The General Mole Balance Equation 8 1.3 Batch Reactors (BRs) 10 1.4 Continuous-Flow Reactors 12 1.5 Industrial Reactors 22 Chapter 2: Conversion and Reactor Sizing 31 2.1 Definition of Conversion 32 2.2 Batch Reactor Design Equations 32 2.3 Design Equations for Flow Reactors 35 2.4 Sizing Continuous-Flow Reactors 38 2.5 Reactors in Series 47 2.6 Some Further Definitions 58 Chapter 3: Rate Laws 69 3.1 Basic Definitions 70 3.2 The Reaction Order and the Rate Law 72 3.3 Rates and the Reaction Rate Constant 83 3.4 Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design 93 Chapter 4: Stoichiometry 105 4.1 Batch Systems 107 4.2 Flow Systems 113 4.3 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Conversion 126 Chapter 5: Isothermal Reactor Design: Conversion 139 5.1 Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors 140 5.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 144 5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 152 5.4 Tubular Reactors 162 5.5 Pressure Drop in Reactors 169 5.6 Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant 190 Chapter 6: Isothermal Reactor Design: Moles and Molar Flow Rates 207 6.1 The Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithm 208 6.2 Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors 208 6.3 Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a Microreactor 212 6.4 Membrane Reactors 217 6.5 Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors 225 6.6 Semibatch Reactors 227 Chapter 7: Collection and Analysis of Rate Data 243 7.1 The Algorithm for Data Analysis 244 7.2 Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the Method of Excess 246 7.3 Integral Method 247 7.4 Differential Method of Analysis 251 7.5 Nonlinear Regression 258 7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors 264 7.7 Experimental Planning 271 Chapter 8: Multiple Reactions 279 8.1 Definitions 280 8.2 Algorithm for Multiple Reactions 282 8.3 Parallel Reactions 285 8.4 Reactions in Series 294 8.5 Complex Reactions 304 8.6 Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions 312 8.7 Sorting It All Out 317 8.8 The Fun Part 317 Chapter 9: Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, and Bioreactors 333 9.1 Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws 334 9.2 Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals 343 9.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions 356 9.4 Bioreactors and Biosynthesis 364 Chapter 10: Catalysis and Catalytic Reactors 399 10.1 Catalysts 399 10.2 Steps in a Catalytic Reaction 405 10.3 Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step 421 10.4 Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design 436 10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication 446 10.6 Model Discrimination 451 10.7 Catalyst Deactivation 454 Chapter 11: Nonisothermal Reactor Design—The Steady-State Energy Balance and Adiabatic PFR Applications 493 11.1 Rationale 494 11.2 The Energy Balance 495 11.3 The User-Friendly Energy Balance Equations 502 11.4 Adiabatic Operation 508 11.5 Adiabatic Equilibrium Conversion 518 11.6 Reactor Staging 522 11.7 Optimum Feed Temperature 526 Chapter 12: Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design—Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange 539 12.1 Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange 540 12.2 Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid 543 12.3 Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with Heat Effects 545 12.4 CSTR with Heat Effects 564 12.5 Multiple Steady States (MSS) 574 12.6 Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions 581 12.7 Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor 595 12.8 Safety 603 Chapter 13: Unsteady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design 629 13.1 Unsteady-State Energy Balance 630 13.2 Energy Balance on Batch Reactors 632 13.3 Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger 646 13.4 Unsteady Operation of a CSTR 651 13.5 Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions 656 Chapter 14: Mass Transfer Limitations in Reacting Systems 679 14.1 Diffusion Fundamentals 680 14.2 Binary Diffusion 684 14.3 Diffusion Through a Stagnant Film 688 14.4 The Mass Transfer Coefficient 690 14.5 What If . . . ? (Parameter Sensitivity) 705 Chapter 15: Diffusion and Reaction 719 15.1 Diffusion and Reactions in Homogeneous Systems 720 15.2 Diffusion and Reactions in Spherical Catalyst Pellets 720 15.3 The Internal Effectiveness Factor 730 15.4 Falsified Kinetics 737 15.5 Overall Effectiveness Factor 739 15.6 Estimation of Diffusion- and Reaction-Limited Regimes 743 15.7 Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed 744 15.8 Determination of Limiting Situations from Reaction-Rate Data 750 15.9 Multiphase Reactors in the Professional Reference Shelf 751 15.10 Fluidized Bed Reactors 753 15.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 753 Chapter 16: Residence Time Distributions of Chemical Reactors 767 16.1 General Considerations 767 16.2 Measurement of the RTD 770 16.3 Characteristics of the RTD 777 16.4 RTD in Ideal Reactors 784 16.5 PFR/CSTR Series RTD 789 16.6 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting 793 Chapter 17: Predicting Conversion Directly from the Residence Time Distribution 807 17.1 Modeling Nonideal Reactors Using the RTD 808 17.2 Zero-Adjustable-Parameter Models 810 17.3 Using Software Packages 827 17.4 RTD and Multiple Reactions 830 Chapter 18: Models for Nonideal Reactors 845 18.1 Some Guidelines for Developing Models 846 18.2 The Tanks-in-Series (T-I-S) One-Parameter Model 848 18.3 Dispersion One-Parameter Model 852 18.4 Flow, Reaction, and Dispersion 854 18.5 Tanks-in-Series Model versus Dispersion Model 869 18.6 Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction 870 18.7 Two-Parameter Models—Modeling Real Reactors with Combinations of Ideal Reactors 871 18.8 Use of Software Packages to Determine the Model Parameters 880 18.9 Other Models of Nonideal Reactors Using CSTRs and PFRs 882 18.10 Applications to Pharmacokinetic Modeling 883 Appendix A: Numerical Techniques 897 A.1 Useful Integrals in Reactor Design 897 A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation 898 A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations 900 A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals 901 A.5 Semilog Graphs 903 A.6 Software Packages 903 Appendix B: Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors 905 Appendix C: Thermodynamic Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant 909 Appendix D: Software Packages 915 D.1 Polymath 915 D.2 MATLAB 916 D.3 Aspen 916 D.4 COMSOL Multiphysics 917 Appendix E: Rate Law Data 919 Appendix F: Nomenclature 921 Appendix G: Open-Ended Problems 925 G.1 Design of Reaction Engineering Experiment 925 G.2 Effective Lubricant Design 925 G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor 925 G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation 926 G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design 926 G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing 926 G.7 Methanol Synthesis 926 G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo 926 G.9 Alcohol Metabolism 927 G.10 Methanol Poisoning 928 Appendix H: Use of Computational Chemistry Software Packages 929 Appendix I: How to Use the CRE Web Resources 931 I.1 CRE Web Resources Components 931 I.2 How the Web Can Help Your Learning Style 933 I.3 Navigation 934 Index 937 Приватный текст
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15.07.2018 - 01:21
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Завсегдатай Группа: Пользователи Пользователь №: 162214 Сообщений: 306 Регистрация: 28.07.2013 Загружено: байт Скачано: байт Коэффициент: --- Спасибо сказали: 343 раз(а) |
Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers: with Microfluidics, CFD, and COMSOL Multiphysics 5, 3rd Edition
James O. Wilkes, University of Michigan » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «
Table of Contents
Preface xv Part I: Macroscopic Fluid Mechanics 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 3 1.1 Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering 3 1.2 General Concepts of a Fluid 3 1.3 Stresses, Pressure, Velocity, and the Basic Laws 5 1.4 Physical Properties—Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension 10 1.5 Units and Systems of Units 21 1.6 Hydrostatics 26 1.7 Pressure Change Caused by Rotation 39 Problems for Chapter 1 42 Chapter 2: Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 55 2.1 General Conservation Laws 55 2.2 Mass Balances 57 2.3 Energy Balances 61 2.4 Bernoulli’s Equation 67 2.5 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 70 2.6 Momentum Balances 78 2.7 Pressure, Velocity, and Flow Rate Measurement 92 Problems for Chapter 2 96 Chapter 3: Fluid Friction in Pipes 120 3.1 Introduction 120 3.2 Laminar Flow 123 3.3 Models for Shear Stress 129 3.4 Piping and Pumping Problems 133 3.5 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 150 3.6 Compressible Gas Flow in Pipelines 156 3.7 Compressible Flow in Nozzles 159 3.8 Complex Piping Systems 163 Problems for Chapter 3 168 Chapter 4: Flow in Chemical Engineering Equipment 185 4.1 Introduction 185 4.2 Pumps and Compressors 188 4.3 Drag Force on Solid Particles in Fluids 194 4.4 Flow Through Packed Beds 204 4.5 Filtration 210 4.6 Fluidization 215 4.7 Dynamics of a Bubble-Cap Distillation Column 216 4.8 Cyclone Separators 219 4.9 Sedimentation 222 4.10 Dimensional Analysis 224 Problems for Chapter 4 230 Part II: Microscopic Fluid Mechanics 247 Chapter 5: Differential Equations of Fluid Mechanics 249 5.1 Introduction to Vector Analysis 249 5.2 Vector Operations 250 5.3 Other Coordinate Systems 263 5.4 The Convective Derivative 266 5.5 Differential Mass Balance 267 5.6 Differential Momentum Balances 271 5.7 Newtonian Stress Components in Cartesian Coordinates 274 Problems for Chapter 5 285 Chapter 6: Solution Of Viscous-Flow Problems 292 6.1 Introduction 292 6.2 Solution of the Equations of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates 294 6.3 Alternative Solution Using a Shell Balance 301 6.4 Poiseuille and Couette Flows in Polymer Processing 313 6.5 Solution of the Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates 325 6.6 Solution of the Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates 330 Problems for Chapter 6 336 Chapter 7: Laplace’s Equation, Irrotational and Porous-Media Flows 357 7.1 Introduction 357 7.2 Rotational and Irrotational Flows 359 7.3 Steady Two-Dimensional Irrotational Flow 364 7.4 Physical Interpretation of the Stream Function 367 7.5 Examples of Planar Irrotational Flow 369 7.6 Axially Symmetric Irrotational Flow 382 7.7 Uniform Streams and Point Sources 384 7.8 Doublets and Flow Past a Sphere 388 7.9 Single-Phase Flow in a Porous Medium 391 7.10 Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media 394 7.11 Wave Motion in Deep Water 400 Problems for Chapter 7 404 Chapter 8: Boundary-Layer and Other Nearly Unidirectional Flows 418 8.1 Introduction 418 8.2 Simplified Treatment of Laminar Flow Past a Flat Plate 419 8.3 Simplification of the Equations of Motion 426 8.4 Blasius Solution for Boundary-Layer Flow 429 8.5 Turbulent Boundary Layers 432 8.6 Dimensional Analysis of the Boundary-Layer Problem 434 8.7 Boundary-Layer Separation 437 8.8 The Lubrication Approximation 448 8.9 Polymer Processing by Calendering 457 8.10 Thin Films and Surface Tension 463 Problems for Chapter 8 466 Chapter 9: Turbulent Flow 480 9.1 Introduction 480 9.2 Physical Interpretation of the Reynolds Stresses 487 9.3 Mixing-Length Theory 488 9.4 Determination of Eddy Kinematic Viscosity and Mixing Length 491 9.5 Velocity Profiles Based on Mixing-Length Theory 493 9.6 The Universal Velocity Profile for Smooth Pipes 495 9.7 Friction Factor in Terms of Reynolds Number for Smooth Pipes 497 9.8 Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer 499 9.9 Velocity Profiles and Friction Factor for Rough Pipe 501 9.10 Blasius-Type Law and the Power-Law Velocity Profile 502 9.11 A Correlation for the Reynolds Stresses 503 9.12 Computation of Turbulence by the k–ε Method 506 9.13 Analogies Between Momentum and Heat Transfer 520 9.14 Turbulent Jets 524 Problems for Chapter 9 532 Chapter 10: Bubble Motion, Two-Phase Flow, and Fluidization 542 10.1 Introduction 542 10.2 Rise of Bubbles in Unconfined Liquids 542 10.3 Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Horizontal Pipes 547 10.4 Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes 554 10.5 Flooding 566 10.6 Introduction to Fluidization 570 10.7 Bubble Mechanics 572 10.8 Bubbles in Aggregatively Fluidized Beds 577 Problems for Chapter 10 586 Chapter 11: Non-Newtonian Fluids 602 11.1 Introduction 602 11.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids 603 11.3 Constitutive Equations for Inelastic Viscous Fluids 606 11.4 Constitutive Equations for Viscoelastic Fluids 626 11.5 Response to Oscillatory Shear 633 11.6 Characterization of the Rheological Properties of Fluids 636 Problems for Chapter 11 644 Chapter 12: Microfluidics and Electrokinetic Flow Effects 653 12.1 Introduction 653 12.2 Physics of Microscale Fluid Mechanics 654 12.3 Pressure-Driven Flow Through Microscale Tubes 655 12.4 Mixing, Transport, and Dispersion 656 12.5 Species, Energy, and Charge Transport 658 12.6 The Electrical Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena 661 12.7 Measuring the Zeta Potential 676 12.8 Electroviscosity 678 12.9 Particle and Macromolecule Motion in Microfluidic Channels 678 Problems for Chapter 12 683 Chapter 13: An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics and ANSYS Fluent 688 13.1 Introduction and Motivation 688 13.2 Numerical Methods 690 13.3 Learning CFD by Using ANSYS Fluent 699 13.4 Practical CFD Examples 703 References for Chapter 13 719 Chapter 14: COMSOL Multiphysics for Solving Fluid Mechanics Problems 720 14.1 COMSOL Multiphysics—An Overview 720 14.2 The Steps for Solving Problems in COMSOL 723 14.3 How to Run COMSOL 725 14.4 Variables, Constants, Expressions, and Units 741 14.5 Boundary Conditions 742 14.6 Variables Used by COMSOL 743 14.7 Wall Functions in Turbulent-Flow Problems 744 14.8 Streamline Plotting in COMSOL 747 14.9 Special COMSOL Features Used in the Examples 749 14.10 Drawing Tools 754 14.11 Fluid Mechanics Problems Solvable by COMSOL 756 14.12 Conclusion—Problems and Learning Tools 761 Appendix A: Useful Mathematical Relationships 762 Appendix B: Answers to the True/False Assertions 768 Appendix C: Some Vector and Tensor Operations 771 General Index 773 Comsol Multiphysics Index 782 The Authors 784 Приватный текст
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10.07.2019 - 08:51
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Торговец чёрным деревом Группа: Админы Пользователь №: 3953 Сообщений: 21856 Регистрация: 1.08.2003 Из: Москва Загружено: байт Скачано: байт Коэффициент: --- Спасибо сказали: 55888 раз(а) |
Kalyan Annamalai, Ishwar K. Puri, and Milind Jog - Advanced Thermodynamics Engineering, 2nd Edition
CRC Press, 2011 pdf, 1142 pages, english ISBN 9781439805725 Advanced Thermodynamics Engineering, Second Edition is designed for readers who need to understand and apply the engineering physics of thermodynamic concepts. It employs a self-teaching format that reinforces presentation of critical concepts, mathematical relationships, and equations with concrete physical examples and explanations of applications-to help readers apply principles to their own real-world problems. Less Mathematical/Theoretical Derivations - More Focus on Practical Application. Because both students and professionals must grasp theory almost immediately in this ever-changing electronic era, this book-now completely in decimal outline format-uses a phenomenological approach to problems, making advanced concepts easier to understand. After a decade teaching advanced thermodynamics, the authors infuse their own style and tailor content based on their observations as professional engineers, as well as feedback from their students. Condensing more esoteric material to focus on practical uses for this continuously evolving area of science, this book is filled with revised problems and extensive tables on thermodynamic properties and other useful information. The authors include an abundance of examples, figures, and illustrations to clarify presented ideas, and additional material and software tools are available for download. The result is a powerful, practical instructional tool that gives readers a strong conceptual foundation on which to build a solid, functional understanding of thermodynamics engineering. https://turbobit.net/vbaln9bthfxd.html |
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